How illegal SEAHORSE smuggling fuels a multi-million-dollar black market

The ocean’s most magnificent and delicate creatures are being plundered at an alarming rate, fueling a shadowy global trade that thrives on exploitation, corruption, and the destruction of marine ecosystems. A shocking new study reveals that nearly five million seahorses, valued at CAD$29 million, were seized by authorities over a decade — yet experts warn this is merely the “tip of the iceberg” in a sprawling black market that spans 62 countries. These tiny, mystical creatures are hunted relentlessly for their use in traditional medicine, smuggled alongside elephant ivory and pangolin scales in a ruthless underground economy that prioritizes profit over preservation.

But who is behind this illicit trade? And why do governments and enforcement agencies continue to fail in stopping it? The answers expose a disturbing reality: weak penalties, corrupt officials, and a lack of political will allow traffickers to operate with near impunity, pushing endangered species closer to extinction.

Key points:

• 5 million seahorses seized in a decade — but the true scale of smuggling is far larger.
• Dried seahorses are in high demand for traditional medicine, smuggled alongside ivory and pangolin scales.
• China and Hong Kong remain primary destinations, but new trade routes are emerging in Europe and Latin America.
• Airports and sea cargo are major smuggling hubs, yet enforcement remains inconsistent.
• Only 7% of seizures result in legal penalties, emboldening traffickers.
• Sustainable trade alternatives exist but are undermined by black market profiteers.

The seahorse trade

Seahorses — known for their unique appearances and rare male pregnancy — are increasingly threatened by overharvesting due to high demand in traditional medicine, aquariums, and curiosities. An estimated 20 million are traded globally each year, mostly dried for use in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), where they are believed to treat ailments ranging from erectile dysfunction to fatigue and even cancer.

China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan are major consumers, driving unsustainable fishing practices in countries like Brazil, India, and the Philippines. Seahorses’ slow reproduction and low dispersal make them especially vulnerable. To curb exploitation, CITES has listed all seahorse species under Appendix II since 2004, enforcing trade restrictions and a 10-cm size limit to allow breeding before capture.

Despite protections, Taiwan imported thousands of kilograms of dried seahorses annually from 2008–2011, mostly wild-caught. A new study aims to identify the species in Taiwan’s TCM market using DNA analysis, as traditional identification is difficult when specimens are sliced or processed. Conservationists warn that without stricter enforcement, seahorse populations could collapse under mounting pressure.

The brutal reality of seahorse smuggling

Seahorses, often romanticized as symbols of luck and perseverance, are instead victims of a brutal and unsustainable industry. Dried and powdered, they are sold in markets across Asia, falsely touted as cures for ailments ranging from asthma to impotence. Despite being protected under CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species), enforcement is shockingly lax.

Researchers discovered eight threatened seahorse species being sold in Taiwan’s Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) market, including the critically endangered Knysna seahorse and other vulnerable species, a new study reveals.

The most common species found was the three-spot seahorse, present in nearly 74% of surveyed stores, while the West African, Knysna, and thorny seahorses were the rarest, with only one specimen each detected. Unlike U.S. markets, which sell seahorses from multiple continents, Taiwan’s TCM shops primarily sourced seahorses from Asia — with exceptions like the African-origin Knysna and West African seahorses.

The study also found violations of a 10-centimeter minimum size limit, with young juveniles being sold. Processed seahorse samples further complicated identification due to altered appearances.

All species documented — including the tiger tail, great, yellow, hedgehog, and three-spot seahorses — are classified as threatened by the IUCN Red List, raising concerns over unsustainable harvesting and illegal trade.

Dr. Sarah Foster, lead author of the study, warns: “What we’re seeing is just the tip of the iceberg.” With seizures relying on voluntary disclosures and online reports, the true number of trafficked seahorses could be ten times higher.

The smuggling methods are brazen:

• Passenger baggage at airports (most common).
• Sea cargo shipments (largest volumes seized).
• Mixed with other illegal wildlife products (ivory, pangolin scales) to evade detection.

Yet despite these seizures, 93% of cases lack any follow-up legal action, allowing traffickers to simply regroup and try again.

Why seahorses? The deadly demand in traditional medicine

For centuries, seahorses have been falsely marketed in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) as remedies for:

• Infertility
• Asthma
• Kidney disorders
• Erectile dysfunction

Most of the available evidence on seahorse’s medicinal properties is centered around their peptide content. So, demand remains high, driving prices up to CAD$7 per dried seahorse. This lucrative trade has decimated wild populations, with some species now critically endangered.

Even within TCM circles, there is recognition of the crisis. As one Hong Kong trader admitted: “We want seahorses to last forever — they’re important!” Yet without strict enforcement and sustainable alternatives, this sentiment means little against the tide of black-market greed.

The global wildlife black market: A web of corruption

Seahorses are just one piece of a much larger criminal network. The study found they were frequently seized alongside:

• Elephant ivory
• Pangolin scales
• Shark fins
• Sea cucumbers

This reveals a disturbing truth: Wildlife trafficking is a multi-billion-dollar industry, run by the same syndicates that deal in drugs, arms, and human trafficking.

So why isn’t more being done?

Weak penalties — Many countries treat wildlife crime as a minor offense.
Corrupt officials — Customs agents and law enforcement are often bribed to look the other way.
Lack of public awareness — Most consumers have no idea their “medicine” comes from endangered species.

Experts argue that stronger deterrents—harsher penalties, better detection methods, and international cooperation—are essential. But equally important is promoting legal, sustainable trade so fishermen aren’t forced into smuggling.

As Teale Phelps Bondaroff, study co-author, warns: “We must outpace traffickers with innovative research and enforcement.”

Sources include:

ScienceDaily.com

OnlineLibrary.wiley.com

ScienceDirect.com

Enoch, Brighteon.ai